Thursday, September 17, 2020

Bridge

BRIDGE

Bridge – A bridge operates at data link layer. A bridge is a repeater, with add on the functionality of filtering content by reading the MAC addresses of source and destination. It is also used for interconnecting two LAN's working on the same protocol. It has a single input and single output port, thus making it a 2 port device.


Types of Bridges

  • Transparent Bridges:- These are the bridge in which the stations are completely unaware of the
    bridge’s existence i.e. whether or not a bridge is added or deleted from the network, reconfiguration of
    the stations is unnecessary. These bridges make use of two processes i.e. bridge forwarding and bridge learning.
  • Source Routing Bridges:- In these bridges, routing operation is performed by source station and the frame specifies which route to follow. The hot can discover frame by sending a special frame called discovery frame, which spreads through the entire network using all possible paths to destination.
  • Multi port Bridge:-A multi port bridge connects multiple networks and operates transparently to decide on a frame-by-frame basis whether to forward traffic. Additionally, a multi port bridge must decide where to forward traffic. Like the simple bridge, a multi port bridge typically uses store and forward operation. The multi port bridge function serves as the basis for network switches.
  • Implementation:-The forwarding information base stored in content-addressable memory (CAM) is initially empty. For each received ether net frame the switch learns from the frame's source MAC address and adds this together with an ingress interface identifier to the forwarding information base. The switch then forwards the frame to the interface found in the CAM based on the frame's destination MAC address. If the destination address is unknown the switch sends the frame out on all interfaces (except the ingress interface). This behavior is called uni cast flooding.

Monday, February 3, 2020

Experience of 5 days 4 night educational tour


"Travel opens your heart ,broadens your mind and fills yours life with stories to tell."


Education tour or  means a tour of the student to a certain place for a certain time for certain purposes.Education tour is a part of practical learning. Student learn by reading or listening to teacher and doing very little in a the labs in our schools. But in such tours, student learn by observation. They can see the real object, people and places. Student read in books. But the test of real vision is far more different and effective than their theoretical study. They can talk to the people;ask them whatever they like. They learn to live in groups. they learn to face difficulties in a different situation. They can experience new things.They may feel freedom while in the tour; But together the students also learn many thinks informally.

As we heared the ninth graders are going for educational tour every one was happy. The school administration decided to take us on a tour on the date of 2076/9/19 to 2076/9/23. This news made all of the students so excited. Out of 48 students 29 of us were ready for the tour, 4 teachers joined us and there were 2 brothers . So, altogether we were 35 in total. In no time the day arrived.We were told to arrive the school at 5:30 a.m. The weather was extremely cold.

FIRST DAY (Kathmandu To Chitwan)

As it was the tour day i coundn't sleep properly.I woke up at 4:00am. I had my meal and left my home. My Father dropped me at school, After a 2 minutes’ in bike I reached to the school. We waited for each and every student to come. On the same day our friend (Rabina) had got birthday so I wished her. Then, I greet my teachers and at around 6:03 am, we left the school. I waved bye to my father.
Then, we left for our destination.At around 6:40 am we crossed Naag Dunga.We ate our meal on the bus.We crossed naubise at 7:10 am ,malekhu at 8:23am.
Similarly, during our journey we reached maglin at 10:40 am. And after a lot of boring moments we got to know that we have entered the chitwan district at 11:45 am. Finally, we reached our destination at 12:54 pm. And after reaching there we went to jungle safari at 1:10 pm.There we saw many animals as well as birds.We stopped in the near lake to see crocodiles.We didn't saw any of them. We had a lot of fun. There we clicked some photos near lake. Then, we returned from there at 3:20 
pm.Then we went elephant breeding center at 3:31 pm.We all saw elephant and baby elephant(calf) .We cilcked few photos and went to hotel. And after we all gather together and left for museum(NTNC) .Then after that we reached the museum at 4:08 pm. Then there we got to see many animals preserved. We finished roaming museum. We all had a gruop photo session.On the way we dropped from the bus and went to see the alligators and crocodiles. There we did not saw any alligators and crocodiles. There I tried to touch one horse near me but that horse was a bit aggressive and was about to eat my hand but luckily I pulled my hand. We retuned back to hotel at 5:08 pm.We washed our face became fresh and went to see the room. We got the corner room.We had our lunch and then we went to see cultural dance program at 6:35 pm. We had a lot of fun there.

While seeing cultural progam,there was a bird (DHAFE) showing his performance at last he gave a flower to our computer sir DEEPAK SIR. Then we returned from there at 8:15 pm. On the way, we observed local pepole.We returned to hotel. We had fire camp. All of us gathered near the fire and sat as it was a cold weather. Then we had dinner at 9:45pm. Then we wished good night to our friends and went to our respective rooms. In our room there were my close 5 friends(Aadesh,mingma,sohendra,pasang,anmol). We didn't sleep for a whole night. 
 


Day 2 (Chitwan to pokhara to ghandruk)
We were told to get ready at 6 am and get down to the bus.We all had a tea and move toward our destination.As no one slept in night all we sleeping in the bus.At 8:30am we entered ghandaki province.We all had our breakfast on bus.We reached pokhara at 11:07 am.We reached our hotel at 11:25 am. We had our meal there.We leaved pokhara at 12:20pm. We all were seeing the beauty of pokhara. We crossed nayapul at 2:30 pm ,2:50 - Birethati,4:45 - Kimche Bus Station. WE had our lunch at kimche bus station. Up to ghandruk the bus was unable to go so we had a short hike at 5:20. We reached Ghandruk at 5:50.We all were tired at first but when we all saw mountain our all tireness were gone. We entered our respective room. We had our dinner at 7:30. Then we had a campfire between 8:00 - 9:45. we all sang a song and played antachre.There were two team boys and girls. We had a draw. We dicided to continue it next day. We all slept.
Day 3(ghandruk to pokhara)
We were told to get ready at 6 am and get down.We woke up early. We became ready and went for hiking on 6:30 atGhandruk Village . We had our breakfast. This time breakfast was very much delicious. We Departure from Ghandruk at 8:10.We reached Kimche Bus Station at  9:00. We came there by walking.Our two brothers stayed in  Kimche Bus station.We moved from Kimche Bus station at 9:15. At the way we stopped and looked river. We crossed Birethati at 10:45  ,Nayapul-11:00.
We had our morning meal at pokhara at around 1:00. Then we went boating at TalBarahi on 2:10. While boating my good friend sohendra dropped his phone at that river. Then we went Devi's Fall at 3:00. It was first time me visiting that place. I was blessed by the nature.We had a photo secission. We moved toward Gupteshwor at 3:30 . My experience was very nice.We again had a group photo secission.Then we moved toward Shanti Stupa at 4:15 . We were told not to make noise. Amazing fact about that temple was in the top of that temple there was real diamond. We all were no beliveing. we took photos and had our lunch at 5: 30 .Deepak  sir told to give lolipop to every one so i brought lolipop and give to every. We had a walk on lake side 
at 6:00 .After we reached hotel,we had a surpize that was a pizza.It was very much delicious .We had our dinner at 9:00 . And afther having dinner we had campfire between 9:30 - 10:30 . Everyone was dancing and enjoying. At 10:35 we went sleep.

Day 4 Pokhara-Bandipur

We all wake up and pack our bag. And then we went went to Sarangkot at around 6:30. We went there to see the sunrise. There were a lot of people. We were so unlucky that we didnt saw sunrise. We had a group photo secession. Then we move to ward Bindabasini Temple at 7:45. We clicked many photo. Then we had our Breakfast at Bindabasini temple. I was very exicited because we were going toward Mahendra Cave. We reached Mahendra Cave at 9:00. We saw the cave. We clicked photos and went toward bat cave which was very adventures. We reached bat cave at 9:50. I was very scared to see bat. We entered the cave we saw many bat. My favorite part of the entire tour was bat cave because it was very adventurous and scary. Then we move towards seti river at 10:40. People say that if we touch the water  we will be free from disease. We had our morning meal at hotel IVN at 11:25. Then we went to International Museum at 12:30. We saw lot of unseen things. We also saw visual part of the museum.We clicked the photos on trees, mountain and even on the satatue of yak. Then we moved toward our last place Bandipur.We reached bandipur at 5:15. We were all welcomed by tika and flower. In bandipur we stayed in a home stay where you get facilties like in home. We saw the room. That house anti we called Aama. WE had our lunch and went to see the bandipur. We came back and have our dinner. Then we went to play rodi. We had a lot of fun there.We returned back at 9:05.WE all slept.
 Day 5 Bandipur-Siddhacave
We all wake up at 5:45.And move for 
Hiking at 6:00.  We walk and reached the top. I saw a tourust who was from italy.
She was her to see the nature. We went there to see sunrise but we didn't saw. We clicked photos.
But while returing we saw sunrise which was extermly amazing. We clicked photo and went to respective home. We had our breakfast and packed our bags.We Departure from bandipur at 8:50.We kept our bag in bus and when siddha cave by walking. It was very down. We reached Siddhacave at 10:00. Our friend pasang pranked deepak sir by say he was not there. Every one was surprized that he was not lost.We clicked some photos. We enter the cave. It was dark enough inside the cave there I was with the guide and we saw many amazing things made in the walls due to the melting of rocks. There we went to the depth of the cave with the help of ladder and rope. There we enter a place which was known as the heater room which used to be hot in cold and cold in hot climate.I was even helping my friends to climb up the high place as well as to step down. It was the most unbelievable cave I had ever seen. It was so frightening but we had a lot of fun. After that we had our Morning Meal at 11:30. We Departure after having meal at 12:00  and left for Kathmandu. We reached muglin at 12:50. We stopped in malekhu to have our lunch. We ate delicious fish. Some of our friend took it to home also.We reached kathmandu at 5:30.We had a lot of fun. This was the most exciting tour with my friends and teachers. It is one of the most memorable things in my life. I am very much unhappy for those students who couldn’t join us. They don’t know what they have missed. Finally, I would like to thank school administration for managing such educational tour for students like us as well as the teachers who helped us in every moment during our journey.

Thank You


Monday, November 11, 2019

QBASIC to print 1, 4, 9, 16... 10th term

CLS
FOR I = 1 TO 10
PRINT I ^ 2
NEXT I 
END

QBASIC to print 1, 22, 333, 4444, 55555

CLS
FOR I = 1 TO 5
FOR J = 1 TO I
PRINT I;
NEXT J
PRINT
NEXT I
END

QBASIC to disply Multiplication table

CLS
INPUT "Enter any number"; N
FOR I = 1 TO 10
PRINT N ; "X' ; I ; "=" ; N*I
NEXT I
END

QBASIC to display Factors

CLS
INPUT "Enter any number"; N
FOR I = 1 TO N
IF N MOD I = 0 THEN PRINT I
NEXT I
END

QBASIC to check Factorial

CLS
INPUT "Enter any number"; N
F = 1
FOR I = 1 TO N
F = F*I
NEXT I
PRINT "Factorial="; F
END